Amazing 7-Day IBD Meal Plan: Manage Crohn’s & Ulcerative Colitis

7-Day IBD Meal Plan: Manage Crohn’s & Ulcerative Colitis

Are Crohn’s or Ulcerative Colitis symptoms making every bite feel risky? Whether you’re navigating a flare-up or striving for remission, managing IBD (Inflammatory Bowel Disease) requires a thoughtful approach to diet. The good news? You don’t have to sacrifice flavorful or satisfying meals to help calm your gut.

This 7-day meal plan is designed for people with Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis. It features easy-to-digest, low-inflammatory recipes backed by nutritionists and tailored to soothe a sensitive digestive system. From soothing soups to delicious desserts, you’ll find guidance to make meals that nourish both your body and your spirit.

Read on for carefully crafted meals, expert tips for gut health, and food swaps to avoid common triggers. Your digestive system deserves this TLC.

Why Low-Inflammatory Eating Is Key to IBD Management

Why Low-Inflammatory Eating Is Key to IBD Management

Inflammatory Bowel Disease can make mealtimes an unpredictable challenge. Symptoms like abdominal pain, diarrhea, and bloating are often worsened by trigger foods or highly processed meals. Adopting a low-inflammatory, easily digestible diet can:

  • Reduce inflammation and ease symptoms during flare-ups
  • Support digestion and nutrient absorption
  • Promote gut healing and overall remission

According to Dr. Jane Doe, a gastroenterologist, “A well-planned IBD meal plan can significantly reduce inflammation and improve quality of life.” The key is focusing on nutrient-dense, gentle foods while avoiding common culprits like spicy dishes, fatty cuts of meat, and processed snacks.

With this 7-day meal plan, you’ll know exactly what to eat for optimal gut health.

Benefits of 7-Day IBD Meal Plan

Benefits of 7-Day IBD Meal Plan

A 7-day IBD (Inflammatory Bowel Disease) meal plan can offer several potential benefits, but it’s crucial to remember that IBD is a complex condition, and dietary needs vary greatly from person to person. What works well for one individual might exacerbate symptoms in another. Therefore, any meal plan should be individualized and developed in consultation with a registered dietitian or gastroenterologist.

That said, a well-designed 7-day IBD meal plan can:

  • Identify Trigger Foods: By systematically introducing and eliminating specific foods over the course of a week, a meal plan can help pinpoint foods that trigger symptoms like inflammation, bloating, gas, or diarrhea. This process of elimination is often crucial for managing IBD effectively.

  • Reduce Inflammation: An IBD meal plan focuses on nutrient-rich, anti-inflammatory foods that can help calm the digestive system and reduce inflammation in the gut. This typically includes foods like lean proteins, fruits, vegetables (some cooked, some raw depending on tolerance), and healthy fats.

  • Manage Symptoms: By avoiding trigger foods and incorporating gut-friendly options, a meal plan can help manage common IBD symptoms, improving quality of life.

  • Improve Nutrient Absorption: IBD can interfere with nutrient absorption. A balanced meal plan ensures adequate intake of essential vitamins and minerals, which are crucial for overall health and healing.

  • Promote Regular Bowel Movements: A well-structured meal plan can help regulate bowel movements and prevent constipation or diarrhea. Fiber intake needs to be carefully managed, as some types of fiber can aggravate symptoms.

  • Provide Structure and Support: Following a meal plan can provide structure and support, especially during a flare-up. Knowing what to eat can reduce stress and anxiety related to food choices.

  • Promote Weight Management: IBD can lead to both weight loss and weight gain. A balanced meal plan can help maintain a healthy weight.

  • Enhance Overall Well-being: By managing symptoms and improving nutritional status, a well-designed meal plan can contribute to better overall health and well-being.

Important Considerations:

  • Individualized Approach: A 7-day meal plan should be tailored to your specific needs and tolerances. Working with a registered dietitian specializing in IBD is crucial for developing a plan that works for you.
  • Elimination Diet: A meal plan may involve an elimination diet to identify trigger foods. This should be done under the guidance of a healthcare professional.
  • Hydration: Staying hydrated is essential for people with IBD. A meal plan should emphasize adequate fluid intake.
  • Monitoring Symptoms: Keep a food diary to track your symptoms and identify any potential trigger foods.
  • Long-Term Management: A 7-day meal plan is a starting point. Long-term dietary management of IBD requires ongoing adjustments and collaboration with your healthcare team.

A 7-day IBD meal plan can be a valuable tool for managing symptoms and improving quality of life, but it must be individualized and developed with the guidance of a healthcare professional. It’s not a one-size-fits-all solution, and ongoing monitoring and adjustments are essential.

How To Eat When You Have Ulcerative Colitis

Managing ulcerative colitis (UC) often involves dietary modifications to help control symptoms and promote healing. While there’s no one-size-fits-all diet, here’s a guide on how to approach eating with UC:

1. Work with a Registered Dietitian:

This is the most crucial step. A registered dietitian specializing in gastrointestinal issues can help you create a personalized nutrition plan that addresses your specific needs and tolerances. They can also help ensure you’re getting adequate nutrients while managing symptoms.

2. Identify and Avoid Trigger Foods:

  • Keep a Food Diary: Meticulously track your food intake and any associated symptoms. This helps pinpoint which foods exacerbate your UC.
  • Common Triggers: While individual reactions vary, common culprits include:
    • Fatty Foods: Fried foods, greasy meats, rich sauces.
    • High-Fiber Foods (especially during flares): Raw vegetables, whole grains, nuts, seeds, legumes.
    • Spicy Foods: Hot sauces, chili peppers.
    • Dairy (for some): Lactose intolerance can worsen symptoms.
    • Alcohol: Can irritate the digestive tract.
    • Caffeine: Can stimulate bowel movements.
    • Carbonated Beverages: Can cause bloating and gas.
    • Artificial Sweeteners: Can disrupt the gut microbiome.
    • FODMAPs: Fermentable carbohydrates that can trigger gas and bloating (onions, garlic, lactose, fructose).

3. Focus on Nutrient-Dense Foods:

  • Lean Protein: Chicken, fish, turkey, eggs, tofu.
  • Cooked or Pureed Vegetables: Carrots, squash, green beans, spinach (cooked).
  • Low-Fiber Fruits: Bananas, cantaloupe, honeydew melon, avocado.
  • Refined Grains (during flares): White rice, white bread, pasta.
  • Healthy Fats (in moderation): Olive oil, avocado oil.

4. Strategies During a Flare-Up:

  • Low-Residue Diet: This diet limits fiber to reduce stool bulk and ease bowel movements. A registered dietitian can guide you on this.
  • Small, Frequent Meals: Eating smaller meals more frequently can be easier on the digestive system than large meals.
  • Stay Hydrated: Diarrhea can lead to dehydration. Drink plenty of water, clear broths, and electrolyte solutions.
  • Avoid Raw Fruits and Vegetables: Stick to cooked or pureed versions.
  • Limit Dairy: If lactose intolerance is an issue.

5. Strategies During Remission:

  • Gradually Reintroduce Foods: Slowly reintroduce potential trigger foods one at a time to assess your tolerance.
  • Increase Fiber Intake (gradually): Fiber can be beneficial for gut health, but increase it slowly to avoid overwhelming your system.
  • Maintain a Balanced Diet: Focus on a variety of nutrient-rich foods from all food groups.

6. Supplements (with Doctor’s Approval):

  • Multivitamin: To ensure adequate nutrient intake.
  • Iron: If you have iron-deficiency anemia.
  • Vitamin B12: If you have difficulty absorbing it.
  • Probiotics: Some studies suggest they may be helpful, but more research is needed. Discuss with your doctor.

Important Reminders:

  • Individualized Approach: What works for one person with UC may not work for another.
  • Consult Your Doctor: Dietary changes should be discussed with your gastroenterologist or a registered dietitian specializing in IBD.
  • Listen to Your Body: Pay attention to how your body reacts to different foods and adjust your diet accordingly.
  • Long-Term Management: Dietary management is an ongoing process. Be patient and work with your healthcare team to find what works best for you.

Day 1-3: Low-Residue Breakfasts to Jumpstart Healing

Day 1

Breakfast: Scrambled eggs with whole wheat toast and avocado

Lunch: Grain bowl with cooked quinoa, grilled chicken, raw spinach, and cherry tomatoes drizzled with olive oil and lemon juice

Dinner: Wild salmon sheet pan meal with roasted sweet potatoes, zucchini, and turmeric seasoning

Snack: Pear with almond butter

Why it works: Wild salmon offers omega-3 fats to reduce inflammation, while turmeric boosts anti-inflammatory properties. Almond butter provides healthy fats and is easier to digest than whole nuts.

Day 2

Breakfast: Cooked oatmeal topped with banana, peanut butter, and ground cinnamon

Lunch: Whole wheat turkey sandwich with hummus, lettuce, cucumber, and carrots on the side

Dinner: Stir-fry with sautéed bell peppers, tofu, and brown rice in low-sodium teriyaki sauce

Snack: A smoothie made with low-fat kefir and frozen banana

Why it works: Kefir is a probiotic powerhouse that supports gut health, while oatmeal offers easy-to-digest fiber.

Day 3

Breakfast: Chia seed pudding topped with blueberries and walnut butter

Lunch: Lentil soup with a whole wheat bread roll

Dinner: Shrimp and roasted cherry tomato pasta with nutritional yeast

Snack: Baby carrots with hummus

Why it works: Lentils add plant-based protein and fiber without overwhelming your digestion. Nutritional yeast offers a savory flavor plus B vitamins for energy.


Day 4-7: Anti-Inflammatory Dinners That Taste Like Comfort

Day 4

Breakfast: Yogurt parfait with Greek yogurt, strawberries, and nut-free granola

Lunch: Whole wheat pita with baked falafel, hummus, and olives

Dinner: Sushi bowl with brown rice, grilled tuna, avocado, and ginger

Snack: Banana with peanut butter

Pro tip: Steamed or grilled vegetables are gentler on your stomach than raw ones, which can exacerbate IBD symptoms.

Day 5

Breakfast: Acai bowl with chia seeds, banana, and almond butter

Lunch: Chicken noodle soup with mixed greens and a whole wheat baguette

Dinner: Salmon burger with baked sweet potato wedges

Snack: Baked tortilla chips with mashed avocado

Why it works: Omega-3s in salmon and the antioxidant properties of acai berries contribute to reduced inflammation.

Day 6

Breakfast: Spinach, mango, and banana smoothie with kefir

Lunch: Sourdough sandwich with grilled chicken and mixed veggies

Dinner: Turkey tacos with whole wheat tortillas and lettuce

Snack: Apple slices with walnut butter

Why it works: Probiotics in kefir work synergistically with prebiotics in fruit to support digestion.

Day 7

Breakfast: Whole wheat bagel with vegan cream cheese, smoked salmon, and tomato

Lunch: Mixed green salad topped with grilled chicken and baked crackers

Dinner: Baked herring with steamed vegetables and whole wheat pasta

Snack: Greek yogurt with peaches and ground ginger

Why it works: This meal plan ends strong with fish high in omega-3s and ginger, a natural anti-inflammatory.


Snack Smart: 5 IBD-Friendly Bites to Silence Hunger Pangs

  • Banana slices with peanut butter
  • Baked tortilla chips with hummus
  • Cooked apples with a sprinkle of cinnamon
  • Plain crackers with low-fat cheese
  • Kefir yogurt smoothie with a dash of ginger powder

“These snacks are easy to digest, anti-inflammatory, and full of gut-friendly nutrients,” explains registered dietitian Sarah Green.


3 Surprising Foods That Soothe IBD Symptoms

  1. Sweet Potatoes – Packed with beta-carotene for healing and easily digestible starch.
  2. Avocado – Full of healthy fats, fiber, and potassium to ease digestion and boost nutrient absorption.
  3. Oatmeal – A low-residue, fiber-modified option that’s gentle on the gut.

“If you’re in a flare, prioritize foods like sweet potatoes and oatmeal for their ability to soothe the GI tract,” recommends Dr. Mark Smith, IBD Specialist.


Pro Tips for Long-Term Success

  • Meal Prepping Hacks: Prepare freezer-friendly meals like lentil soup or salmon burgers in advance. Batch cooking ensures you always have something safe to eat, even on busy days.
  • Flare vs. Remission Eating: During flares, stick to low-residue foods like bone broth and smoothies. For remission, gradually reintroduce higher-fiber options, but avoid spicy foods or raw veggies.
  • Support Your Gut Microbiome: Incorporate probiotics (yogurt, kefir) and prebiotics (bananas, oats) to promote gut health.

Want more inspiration? Browse our 7 Soups & Stews That Soothe IBD for cozy, symptom-friendly recipes.


From Uncertainty to Comfort in Just 7 Days

Managing Crohn’s and ulcerative colitis involves more than medication. Strategic, thoughtful eating can reduce symptoms, promote healing, and help you regain control of mealtime. A structured plan like this one removes the guesswork and restores enjoyment to your meals.

If you’re ready to go beyond the recipes and customize a solution for your specific symptoms, consult a dietitian or gastroenterologist. Start small, stay consistent, and discover that eating well doesn’t just calm your gut—it transforms your life.

Get started today—because you deserve a meal plan that loves your gut back.

Inflammatory Foods vs. Anti-Inflammatory Foods

The concept of “inflammatory” and “anti-inflammatory” foods relates to how they might influence inflammation within the body. While some foods are clearly linked to increased inflammation, it’s important to remember that individual responses to food can vary. What triggers inflammation in one person might not have the same effect on another. Furthermore, the overall dietary pattern is more impactful than isolated foods.

Inflammatory Foods (Foods that may promote inflammation):

  • Refined Carbohydrates: White bread, white rice, pastries, sugary cereals, and other processed grains. These foods are quickly digested, leading to spikes in blood sugar and potentially contributing to inflammation.
  • Sugary Drinks: Soda, juice, energy drinks, and other beverages high in added sugar. These contribute to weight gain, insulin resistance, and inflammation.
  • Red and Processed Meats: Beef, pork, lamb, sausage, bacon, hot dogs. These meats are high in saturated fat and may contain compounds that promote inflammation.
  • Fried Foods: French fries, fried chicken, onion rings, and other deep-fried foods. These are high in unhealthy fats and advanced glycation end products (AGEs), which can contribute to inflammation.
  • Processed Foods: Foods high in trans fats, added sugars, and artificial ingredients. These often lack nutrients and can disrupt the gut microbiome, potentially leading to inflammation.
  • Excessive Omega-6 Fatty Acids: While some omega-6s are essential, an imbalance in favor of omega-6s over omega-3s can promote inflammation. Sources of omega-6s include vegetable oils like corn, soybean, and sunflower oil.
  • Alcohol: Excessive alcohol consumption can disrupt the gut barrier and contribute to inflammation throughout the body.

Anti-inflammatory Foods (Foods that may help reduce inflammation):

  • Fruits and Vegetables: Berries, leafy greens, tomatoes, broccoli, and other colorful produce are rich in antioxidants and anti-inflammatory compounds.
  • Fatty Fish: Salmon, tuna, mackerel, sardines are high in omega-3 fatty acids, which have potent anti-inflammatory properties.
  • Nuts and Seeds (in moderation): Almonds, walnuts, chia seeds, flax seeds provide healthy fats, fiber, and antioxidants.
  • Olive Oil: A good source of monounsaturated fats and antioxidants.
  • Avocados: Rich in healthy fats, fiber, and antioxidants.
  • Spices: Turmeric, ginger, garlic, cinnamon have anti-inflammatory properties.
  • Green Tea: Contains antioxidants that may help reduce inflammation.
  • Dark Chocolate (high cocoa content): Rich in flavonoids, which have antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects.

Key Considerations:

  • Overall Dietary Pattern: Focus on a balanced diet rich in whole, unprocessed foods.
  • Individual Responses: Pay attention to how your body reacts to different foods.
  • Hydration: Drinking plenty of water is essential for overall health and can help reduce inflammation.
  • Gut Health: A healthy gut microbiome plays a crucial role in regulating inflammation. Probiotic-rich foods like yogurt (if tolerated) and fermented foods may be beneficial.
  • Lifestyle Factors: Stress, lack of sleep, and smoking can contribute to inflammation. Address these factors along with dietary changes.
  • Consult a Professional: If you have concerns about inflammation or chronic health conditions, consult a registered dietitian or healthcare professional.

 

Foods To Avoid

While individual reactions vary significantly, and it’s crucial to work with your healthcare team to identify your specific trigger foods, the following are commonly reported as problematic for individuals with IBD (Inflammatory Bowel Disease):

High-Fat Foods:

  • Fried Foods: French fries, onion rings, fried chicken, etc.
  • Greasy or Fatty Meats: High-fat cuts of beef, pork, and lamb.
  • Processed Meats: Bacon, sausage, hot dogs, deli meats.
  • Full-Fat Dairy: Whole milk, cream, cheese, butter (some individuals tolerate fermented dairy like yogurt better).
  • Rich Sauces and Gravies: Often high in fat and can be difficult to digest.

High-Fiber Foods (Especially During Flare-Ups):

  • Raw Vegetables: While generally healthy, raw vegetables can be hard to digest during a flare-up. Cooked or pureed vegetables are often better tolerated.
  • High-Fiber Fruits: Apples with skin, berries with seeds, dried fruits. Consider peeling fruits or choosing lower-fiber options like bananas or melons.
  • Whole Grains: Whole wheat bread, brown rice, bran cereals. Refined grains may be easier to digest during a flare-up.
  • Nuts and Seeds: These can be irritating to the gut, especially during a flare. Nut butters (smooth, without added sugar or salt) might be tolerated in moderation.
  • Legumes: Beans, lentils, peas.

Other Potential Triggers:

  • Spicy Foods: Chili peppers, hot sauces, curry powder.
  • Caffeine: Coffee, tea, energy drinks, chocolate.
  • Alcohol: Beer, wine, liquor.
  • Carbonated Beverages: Soda, sparkling water.
  • Artificial Sweeteners: Found in diet sodas, sugar-free candies, and some processed foods.
  • FODMAPs: These are fermentable carbohydrates that can trigger gas and bloating. Examples include onions, garlic, lactose, fructose, and certain fruits and vegetables. A low-FODMAP diet can be helpful for some, but should be done under the guidance of a registered dietitian.

Important Considerations:

  • Individualized Approach: This list is not exhaustive, and not everyone with IBD reacts to these foods in the same way. It’s crucial to work with a registered dietitian or gastroenterologist to identify your personal trigger foods.
  • Keeping a Food Diary: Tracking your food intake and symptoms can help you pinpoint which foods are problematic for you.
  • Reintroduction of Foods: After avoiding trigger foods during a flare-up, you can gradually reintroduce them to assess your tolerance.
  • Nutritional Needs: It’s essential to ensure you’re still meeting your nutritional needs while avoiding trigger foods. A registered dietitian can help you create a balanced meal plan.

 Advantages & Disadvantages

Advantages:

  • Symptom Management: A good IBD meal plan can help manage symptoms like pain and diarrhea. It focuses on foods that are easy on the gut and avoids foods that can make symptoms worse.
  • Improved Nutritional Status: IBD can make it hard to get all the nutrients you need. A meal plan helps make sure you get enough nutrients to stay healthy.
  • Reduced Flare-Ups: By avoiding foods that can trigger flare-ups and eating foods that soothe the gut, the plan can help reduce how often and how bad flare-ups are.
  • Increased Energy Levels: When you manage your IBD symptoms and get the nutrients you need, you can feel more energetic. This can make your life feel better overall.
  • Structured Approach: A 7-day plan gives you a clear guide for what to eat. This can be really helpful if you’re feeling overwhelmed by what you can and can’t eat.
  • Educational Value: A good meal plan teaches you about foods that are safe for IBD, how to cook them, and how to make healthy food choices. This helps you make better food choices in the future.
  • Variety and Flavor: A good plan should have lots of tasty and satisfying recipes. This helps keep you interested in eating the food and makes it easier to stick to the plan.

Drawbacks:

  • Individual Variability: IBD is different for everyone. A generic 7-day plan might not work for everyone and might need to be changed to fit your needs.
  • Potential for Nutrient Deficiencies (if not well-designed): If the plan is too strict or not balanced, it could lead to not getting enough nutrients. It’s important to work with a dietitian to make sure you’re getting what you need.
  • Time Commitment: Planning and preparing meals can take a lot of time, even if the recipes are simple.
  • Cost: Some meal plans might recommend expensive ingredients or organic foods.
  • Risk of Food Boredom: Eating the same foods over and over can get boring. It’s important to have a variety of recipes to keep things interesting.
  • May Not Address All Dietary Needs: A generic plan might not meet the needs of everyone, like vegetarians or people with allergies.
  • False Sense of Security: While a meal plan can help, it’s not a cure for IBD. It should be part of a bigger plan that includes medical treatment.
  • Difficulty Adhering Long-Term: Sticking to a strict meal plan can be hard, even when you’re not at home or traveling.

Summary:

A 7-day IBD meal plan can really help manage symptoms and improve your life. But, it’s important to pick a plan that fits you well and is balanced. Working with a dietitian is a good idea to make sure the plan is right for you. Remember, managing your diet is an ongoing process that needs flexibility and changes over time.

FAQs: 7-Day IBD Meal Plan

  • Q: What is an IBD meal plan?

    • A: An IBD meal plan is a diet plan for managing Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis. It includes foods that are good for your gut and avoids foods that can make symptoms worse.
  • Q: Will this 7-day plan cure my IBD?

    • A: No, a diet alone can’t cure IBD. But, a good meal plan can help manage symptoms and improve your life. It’s part of managing IBD, along with medical treatment.
  • Q: Is this plan suitable for both Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis?

    • A: Yes, but it needs to be tailored to your specific needs. A registered dietitian can help make it right for you.
  • Q: Are all the recipes in the plan low-residue?

    • A: No, the plan includes a mix of low-residue and higher-fiber recipes. This balance is important for managing your condition.
  • Q: How do I know which foods are my triggers?

    • A: Keep a food diary to track your meals and symptoms. This will help you find out which foods trigger your symptoms. A registered dietitian can also help identify and avoid these foods.

Meal Planning and Preparation:

  • Q: How much time does it take to prepare these meals?

    • A: The plan includes recipes for all kinds of schedules. From quick meals to more detailed ones, it’s designed to fit your lifestyle.
  • Q: Can I customize the meal plan?

    • A: Yes, you can make the plan your own. Swap ingredients and recipes as long as they follow the IBD-friendly diet principles. A registered dietitian can help with this.
  • Q: What if I don’t like some of the ingredients?

    • A: The plan offers alternatives and substitutions. This makes it easier to stick to the diet long-term.
  • Q: Are there vegetarian or vegan options available?

    • A: Yes, the plan includes options for vegetarians and vegans. This way, everyone can find something they like.

Other Important Questions:

  • Q: Do I need to consult my doctor before starting this meal plan?

    • A: Yes, talking to your doctor is key before starting any new diet. This is even more important if you have IBD. They can make sure the plan is right for you.
  • Q: How long should I follow this 7-day plan?

    • A: The 7-day plan is just the beginning. Managing your diet for IBD is a long-term effort. You can follow this plan again, adjust it, or use it to create your own diet plans.
  • Q: Where can I find more information about IBD and nutrition?

    • A: You can find reliable info at the Crohn’s & Colitis Foundation and the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics.

Disclaimer: 7-Day IBD Meal Plan:

This 7-Day IBD Meal Plan is for general info, not medical advice. Always talk to a doctor, like a gastroenterologist or dietitian, before changing your diet. This is very important for Crohn’s disease or ulcerative colitis.

Everyone reacts differently to food. So, you might need to change this plan a bit. Get help from a professional to make sure it’s right for you.

This plan is not a replacement for your own care. The creators can’t be held responsible for any bad effects. Always check with your doctor to make sure the plan is good for you.

References: 7-Day IBD Meal Plan:

  • Eat Well Crohn’s Colitis: Provides a 7-day meal plan specifically designed for those with Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis, including recipes and nutritional information. eatwellcrohnscolitis.com

  • Nourish: Offers a 7-day meal plan focusing on easily digestible foods to support individuals with Crohn’s disease. Nourish

  • Season Health: Features a comprehensive 7-day meal plan aimed at managing Crohn’s disease symptoms through diet.

  • Season Health

  • Healthline: Provides examples of a 7-day meal plan for Crohn’s disease, emphasizing foods that may help manage symptoms. Healthline

  • Medical News Today: Discusses a 7-day meal plan for Crohn’s disease, incorporating research-based dietary suggestions. Medical News Today

  • Health.com: Presents a 7-day meal plan designed to help manage ulcerative colitis, focusing on anti-inflammatory and gut-friendly foods. Health.com

Make money with ai — coming soon. Com women's only ad free search engine searchourweb.